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Preventing
Diabetes Complications
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Preventing diabetes complications
Diabetes can affect many parts of the body and can lead to
serious complications such as blindness, kidney damage,
and lower-limb amputations. Working together, people with
diabetes and their health care providers can reduce the
occurrence of these and other diabetes complications by
controlling the levels of blood glucose, blood pressure, and
blood lipids, and by receiving other preventive care practices
in a timely manner.
Glucose control
Studies in the United States and abroad have found that improved
glycemic control benefits people with either type
1 or type 2 diabetes. In general, every percentage point drop in
A1C blood test results (e.g., from 8.0% to 7.0%)
reduces the risk of microvascular complications (eye, kidney,
and nerve diseases) by 40%.
Blood pressure control
Blood pressure control reduces the risk of cardiovascular
disease (heart disease or stroke) among persons with
diabetes by 33% to 50%, and the risk of microvascular
complications (eye, kidney, and nerve diseases) by
approximately 33%.
In general, for every 10 mm Hg reduction in systolic blood
pressure, the risk for any complication related to
diabetes is reduced by 12%.
Control of blood lipids
Improved control of cholesterol or blood lipids (for example,
HDL, LDL, and triglycerides) can reduce
cardiovascular complications by 20% to 50%.
Preventive care practices for eyes, kidneys, and feet
Detecting and treating diabetic eye disease with laser therapy
can reduce the development of severe vision loss
by an estimated 50% to 60%.
Comprehensive foot care programs can reduce amputation rates by
45% to 85%.
Detecting and treating early diabetic kidney disease by lowering
blood pressure can reduce the decline in
kidney function by 30% to 70%. Treatment with ACE inhibitors and
angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are
more effective in reducing the decline in kidney function than
other blood pressure lowering drugs.
Estimated diabetes costs in the United States in 2002
Total (direct and indirect): $132 billion
Direct medical costs: $92 billion
Indirect costs: $40 billion (disability, work loss,
premature mortality)
These data are based on a study by the Lewin Group, Inc., for
the American Diabetes Association and are 2002 estimates of both the
direct (cost of medical care and services) and indirect costs
(costs of short-term and permanent disability and of premature death)
attributable to diabetes. This study used a specific
cost-of-disease methodology to estimate the health care costs due to
diabetes.
Preventing diabetes complications
Diabetes can affect many parts of the body and can lead to
serious complications such as blindness, kidney damage,
and lower-limb amputations. Working together, people with
diabetes and their health care providers can reduce the
occurrence of these and other diabetes complications by
controlling the levels of blood glucose, blood pressure, and
blood lipids, and by receiving other preventive care practices
in a timely manner.
Glucose control
Studies in the United States and abroad have found that improved
glycemic control benefits people with either type
1 or type 2 diabetes. In general, every percentage point drop in
A1C blood test results (e.g., from 8.0% to 7.0%)
reduces the risk of microvascular complications (eye, kidney,
and nerve diseases) by 40%.
Blood pressure control
Blood pressure control reduces the risk of cardiovascular
disease (heart disease or stroke) among persons with
diabetes by 33% to 50%, and the risk of microvascular
complications (eye, kidney, and nerve diseases) by
approximately 33%.
In general, for every 10 mm Hg reduction in systolic blood
pressure, the risk for any complication related to
diabetes is reduced by 12%.
Control of blood lipids
Improved control of cholesterol or blood lipids (for example,
HDL, LDL, and triglycerides) can reduce
cardiovascular complications by 20% to 50%.
Preventive care practices for eyes, kidneys, and feet
Detecting and treating diabetic eye disease with laser therapy
can reduce the development of severe vision loss
by an estimated 50% to 60%.
Comprehensive foot care programs can reduce amputation rates by
45% to 85%.
Detecting and treating early diabetic kidney disease by lowering
blood pressure can reduce the decline in
kidney function by 30% to 70%. Treatment with ACE inhibitors and
angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are
more effective in reducing the decline in kidney function than
other blood pressure lowering drugs.
Estimated diabetes costs in the United States in 2002
Total (direct and indirect): $132 billion
Direct medical costs: $92 billion
Indirect costs: $40 billion (disability, work loss,
premature mortality)
These data are based on a study by the Lewin Group, Inc., for
the American Diabetes Association and are 2002 estimates of both the
direct (cost of medical care and services) and indirect costs
(costs of short-term and permanent disability and of premature death)
attributable to diabetes. This study used a specific
cost-of-disease methodology to estimate the health care costs due to
diabetes.
Preventing diabetes complications
Diabetes can affect many parts of the body and can lead to
serious complications such as blindness, kidney damage,
and lower-limb amputations. Working together, people with
diabetes and their health care providers can reduce the
occurrence of these and other diabetes complications by
controlling the levels of blood glucose, blood pressure, and
blood lipids, and by receiving other preventive care practices
in a timely manner.
Glucose control
Studies in the United States and abroad have found that improved
glycemic control benefits people with either type
1 or type 2 diabetes. In general, every percentage point drop in
A1C blood test results (e.g., from 8.0% to 7.0%)
reduces the risk of microvascular complications (eye, kidney,
and nerve diseases) by 40%.
Blood pressure control
Blood pressure control reduces the risk of cardiovascular
disease (heart disease or stroke) among persons with
diabetes by 33% to 50%, and the risk of microvascular
complications (eye, kidney, and nerve diseases) by
approximately 33%.
In general, for every 10 mm Hg reduction in systolic blood
pressure, the risk for any complication related to
diabetes is reduced by 12%.
Control of blood lipids
Improved control of cholesterol or blood lipids (for example,
HDL, LDL, and triglycerides) can reduce
cardiovascular complications by 20% to 50%.
Preventive care practices for eyes, kidneys, and feet
Detecting and treating diabetic eye disease with laser therapy
can reduce the development of severe vision loss
by an estimated 50% to 60%.
Comprehensive foot care programs can reduce amputation rates by
45% to 85%.
Detecting and treating early diabetic kidney disease by lowering
blood pressure can reduce the decline in
kidney function by 30% to 70%. Treatment with ACE inhibitors and
angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are
more effective in reducing the decline in kidney function than
other blood pressure lowering drugs.
Estimated diabetes costs in the United States in 2002
Total (direct and indirect): $132 billion
Direct medical costs: $92 billion
Indirect costs: $40 billion (disability, work loss,
premature mortality)
These data are based on a study by the Lewin Group, Inc., for
the American Diabetes Association and are 2002 estimates of both the
direct (cost of medical care and services) and indirect costs
(costs of short-term and permanent disability and of premature death)
attributable to diabetes. This study used a specific
cost-of-disease methodology to estimate the health care costs due to
diabetes.
Acknowledgments
The following organizations collaborated in compiling the
information for this fact sheet:
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
American Association of Diabetes Educators
American Diabetes Association
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
Department of Veterans Affairs
Health Resources and Services Administration
Indian Health Service
Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International
National Diabetes Education Program, a joint program of NIH and
CDC
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
of the National Institutes of Health
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority
Health
Note
This publication is not subject to copyright restrictions;
please duplicate and distribute copies as desired.
Citation
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes
fact sheet: general information and national
estimates on diabetes in the United States, 2005. Atlanta, GA:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005.
CDC Division of Diabetes Translation Public
Inquiries/Publications
Phone toll free: 1-877-CDC-DIAB (877-232-3422)
Fax: 1-301-562-1050
E-mail: diabetes@cdc.gov
Mail: P.O. Box 8728, Silver Spring, MD 20910
Diabetes Glossary
Blood glucose
A1c blood
test
is the main sugar found in the blood and the body s main source
of energy. The
is used to measure a person s average blood sugar level over the
past 2 to 3 months.
Blood pressure is the force of blood on the inside walls
of blood vessels, measured by analyzing both the
systolic blood pressure, the pressure when the heart
pushes blood out into the arteries, and the diastolic
blood pressure, when the heart is at rest.
Blood lipid is a term for fat in the blood stream, and is
measured with a lipid profile blood test. The lipid
profile test measures total cholesterol, the fat produced
by the liver and found in some foods,
triglycerides, the storage form of fat in the body,
HDL cholesterol, fat that takes extra cholesterol from
the blood to the liver for removal, and LDL cholesterol,
fat that takes excess cholesterol around the body
to where it s needed, but excess ultimately rests on the inside
of artery walls.
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a condition in which very high
blood sugar levels along with a very low level of
insulin result in a dangerous accumulation of ketones --
substances produced when the body breaks down
fat for energy -- in the blood and urine. Hyperosmolar
nonketotic syndrome is another condition in
which one s blood sugar levels become very high and necessary
ketones are not present in the blood or
urine. Coma or death can result if both of these conditions are
not treated.
Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar,
starches, and other food into energy needed for daily
life.
Metformin is a medicine pill used to treat type 2
diabetes because it lowers blood sugar levels by reducing
the amount of sugar produced by the liver and helping the body
respond better to insulin.
Maturity-onset diabetes of the young is a kind of type 2
diabetes that accounts for 1 to 5 percent of
people with diabetes and is a result of a defect in a single
gene.
Non-traumatic lower-limb amputation is a procedure to
remove through surgery damaged feet or legs,
where the injury was not caused by trauma (e.g., the injury was
not caused by a car accident).
Diabetic retinopathy is diabetic eye disease that results
from damage to the small blood vessels in the
retina, the back part of the eye that contains the cells that
respond to light. It may lead to loss of eyesight.
Laser therapy, one possible treatment option, uses a
strong beam of light to seal the leaking blood vessels
in the eye.
End-stage renal disease is kidney failure requiring
dialysis or a transplant to survive.
Glucose intolerance is a condition in which the body has
blood sugar levels higher than normal, but not
high enough to classify as diabetes. It is diagnosed using an
oral glucose tolerance test which requires a
fasting period of 8 to 12 hours and the blood sugar is measured
both fasting and 2 hours after drinking a
high-sugar drink.
* Links to non-Federal organizations are provided solely as a
service to our users. Links do not constitute an
endorsement of any organization by CDC or the Federal
Government, and none should be inferred. The CDC is
not responsible for the content of the individual organization
Webpages found at this link.
Diabetes can affect many parts of the body and can lead to
serious complications such as blindness, kidney damage,
and lower-limb amputations. Working together, people with
diabetes and their health care providers can reduce the
occurrence of these and other diabetes complications by
controlling the levels of blood glucose, blood pressure, and
blood lipids, and by receiving other preventive care practices
in a timely manner.
Glucose control
Studies in the United States and abroad have found that improved
glycemic control benefits people with either type
1 or type 2 diabetes. In general, every percentage point drop in
A1C blood test results (e.g., from 8.0% to 7.0%)
reduces the risk of microvascular complications (eye, kidney,
and nerve diseases) by 40%.
Blood pressure control
Blood pressure control reduces the risk of cardiovascular
disease (heart disease or stroke) among persons with
diabetes by 33% to 50%, and the risk of microvascular
complications (eye, kidney, and nerve diseases) by
approximately 33%.
In general, for every 10 mm Hg reduction in systolic blood
pressure, the risk for any complication related to
diabetes is reduced by 12%.
Control of blood lipids
Improved control of cholesterol or blood lipids (for example,
HDL, LDL, and triglycerides) can reduce
cardiovascular complications by 20% to 50%.
Preventive care practices for eyes, kidneys, and feet
Detecting and treating diabetic eye disease with laser therapy
can reduce the development of severe vision loss
by an estimated 50% to 60%.
Comprehensive foot care programs can reduce amputation rates by
45% to 85%.
Detecting and treating early diabetic kidney disease by lowering
blood pressure can reduce the decline in
kidney function by 30% to 70%. Treatment with ACE inhibitors and
angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are
more effective in reducing the decline in kidney function than
other blood pressure lowering drugs.
Estimated diabetes costs in the United States in 2002
Total (direct and indirect): $132 billion
Direct medical costs: $92 billion
Indirect costs: $40 billion (disability, work loss,
premature mortality
Diabetes can affect many parts of the body and can lead to
serious complications such as blindness, kidney damage,
and lower-limb amputations. Working together, people with
diabetes and their health care providers can reduce the
occurrence of these and other diabetes complications by
controlling the levels of blood glucose, blood pressure, and
blood lipids, and by receiving other preventive care practices
in a timely manner.
Glucose control
Studies in the United States and abroad have found that improved
glycemic control benefits people with either type
1 or type 2 diabetes. In general, every percentage point drop in
A1C blood test results (e.g., from 8.0% to 7.0%)
reduces the risk of microvascular complications (eye, kidney,
and nerve diseases) by 40%.
Blood pressure control
Blood pressure control reduces the risk of cardiovascular
disease (heart disease or stroke) among persons with
diabetes by 33% to 50%, and the risk of microvascular
complications (eye, kidney, and nerve diseases) by
approximately 33%.
In general, for every 10 mm Hg reduction in systolic blood
pressure, the risk for any complication related to
diabetes is reduced by 12%.
Control of blood lipids
Improved control of cholesterol or blood lipids (for example,
HDL, LDL, and triglycerides) can reduce
cardiovascular complications by 20% to 50%.
Preventive care practices for eyes, kidneys, and feet
Detecting and treating diabetic eye disease with laser therapy
can reduce the development of severe vision loss
by an estimated 50% to 60%.
Comprehensive foot care programs can reduce amputation rates by
45% to 85%.
Detecting and treating early diabetic kidney disease by lowering
blood pressure can reduce the decline in
kidney function by 30% to 70%. Treatment with ACE inhibitors and
angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are
more effective in reducing the decline in kidney function than
other blood pressure lowering drugs.
Estimated diabetes costs in the United States in 2002
Total (direct and indirect): $132 billion
Direct medical costs: $92 billion
Indirect costs: $40 billion (disability, work loss,
premature mortality
Preventive care practices for eyes, kidneys, and feet
Detecting and treating diabetic eye disease with laser therapy
can reduce the development of severe vision loss
by an estimated 50% to 60%.
Comprehensive foot care programs can reduce amputation rates by
45% to 85%.
Detecting and treating early diabetic kidney disease by lowering
blood pressure can reduce the decline in
kidney function by 30% to 70%. Treatment with ACE inhibitors and
angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are
more effective in reducing the decline in kidney function than
other blood pressure lowering drugs.
Estimated diabetes costs in the United States in 2002
Total (direct and indirect): $132 billion
Direct medical costs: $92 billion
Indirect costs: $40 billion (disability, work loss,
prematu
Preventive care practices for eyes, kidneys, and feet
Detecting and treating diabetic eye disease with laser therapy
can reduce the development of severe vision loss
by an estimated 50% to 60%.
Comprehensive foot care programs can reduce amputation rates by
45% to 85%.
Detecting and treating early diabetic kidney disease by lowering
blood pressure can reduce the decline in
kidney function by 30% to 70%. Treatment with ACE inhibitors and
angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are
more effective in reducing the decline in kidney function than
other blood pressure lowering drugs.
Estimated diabetes costs in the United States in 2002
Total (direct and indirect): $132 billion
Direct medical costs: $92 billion
Indirect costs: $40 billion (disability, work loss,
prematu
Preventive care practices for eyes, kidneys, and feet
Detecting and treating diabetic eye disease with laser therapy
can reduce the development of severe vision loss
by an estimated 50% to 60%.
Comprehensive foot care programs can reduce amputation rates by
45% to 85%.
Detecting and treating early diabetic kidney disease by lowering
blood pressure can reduce the decline in
kidney function by 30% to 70%. Treatment with ACE inhibitors and
angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are
more effective in reducing the decline in kidney function than
other blood pressure lowering drugs.
Estimated diabetes costs in the United States in 2002
Total (direct and indirect): $132 billion
Direct medical costs: $92 billion
Indirect costs: $40 billion (disability, work loss,
prematu
Preventive care practices for eyes, kidneys, and feet
Detecting and treating diabetic eye disease with laser therapy
can reduce the development of severe vision loss
by an estimated 50% to 60%.
Comprehensive foot care programs can reduce amputation rates by
45% to 85%.
Detecting and treating early diabetic kidney disease by lowering
blood pressure can reduce the decline in
kidney function by 30% to 70%. Treatment with ACE inhibitors and
angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are
more effective in reducing the decline in kidney function than
other blood pressure lowering drugs.
Estimated diabetes costs in the United States in 2002
Total (direct and indirect): $132 billion
Direct medical costs: $92 billion
Indirect costs: $40 billion (disability, work loss,
prematu
Diabetes can affect many parts of the body and can lead
to serious complications such as blindness, kidney damage, and
lower-limb amputations. Working together, people with diabetes and their
health care providers can reduce the occurrence of these and other
diabetes complications by controlling the levels of blood glucose, blood
pressure, and blood lipids, and by receiving other preventive care
practices in a timely manner.
Glucose Control
Studies in the United States and abroad have found that improved
glycemic control benefits people with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
In general, every percentage point drop in A1C blood test results (e.g.,
from 8.0% to 7.0%) reduces the risk of microvascular complications (eye,
kidney, and nerve diseases) by 40%.
Blood pressure control
Blood pressure control reduces the risk of cardiovascular
disease (heart disease or stroke) among persons with
diabetes by 33% to 50%, and the risk of microvascular
complications (eye, kidney, and nerve diseases) by
approximately 33%.
In general, for every 10 mm Hg reduction in systolic blood
pressure, the risk for any complication related to
diabetes is reduced by 12%.
Control of blood lipids
Improved control of cholesterol or blood lipids (for example,
HDL, LDL, and triglycerides) can reduce
cardiovascular complications by 20% to 50%.
Blood pressure control
Blood pressure control reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease
(heart disease or stroke) among persons with diabetes by 33% to 50%, and
the risk of microvascular complications (eye, kidney, and nerve
diseases) by approximately 33%. In general, for every 10 mm Hg reduction
in systolic blood pressure, the risk for any complication related to
diabetes is reduced by 12%.
Control of blood lipids
Improved control of cholesterol or blood lipids (for example, HDL,
LDL, and triglycerides) can reduce cardiovascular complications by 20%
to 50%.
Preventive care practices for eyes, kidneys, and feet
Detecting and treating diabetic eye disease with laser therapy can
reduce the development of severe vision loss by an estimated 50% to 60%.
Comprehensive foot care programs can reduce amputation rates by 45% to
85%. Detecting and treating early diabetic kidney disease by lowering
blood pressure can reduce the decline in kidney function by 30% to 70%.
Treatment with ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
are more effective in reducing the decline in kidney function than other
blood pressure lowering drugs.
Estimated diabetes costs in the United States in 2002
Total (direct and
indirect): $132 billion - Direct medical costs: $92 billion -
Indirect costs: $40 billion (disability, work loss, premature mortality
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