Signs and Symptoms of a Sprain

The usual signs and symptoms include pain, swelling, bruising, instability, and loss of the ability to move and use the joint (called functional ability). However, these signs and symptoms can vary in intensity, depending on the severity of the sprain. Sometimes people feel a pop or tear when the injury happens.

Doctors closely observe an injured site and ask questions to obtain information to diagnose the severity of a sprain. In general, a grade I or mild sprain is caused by overstretching or slight tearing of the ligaments with no joint instability. A person with a mild sprain usually experiences minimal pain, swelling, and little or no loss of functional ability. Bruising is absent or slight, and the person is usually able to put weight on the affected joint.

When To See a Doctor for a Sprain

You have severe pain and cannot put any weight on the injured joint. The injured area looks crooked or has lumps and bumps (other than swelling) that you do not see on the uninjured joint. You cannot move the injured joint. You cannot walk more than four steps without significant pain. Your limb buckles or gives way when you try to use the joint. You have numbness in any part of the injured area. You see redness or red streaks spreading out from the injury. You injure an area that has been injured several times before. You have pain, swelling, or redness over a bony part of your foot. You are in doubt about the seriousness of the injury or how to care for it.

A grade II or moderate sprain is caused by further, but still incomplete, tearing of the ligament and is characterized by bruising, moderate pain, and swelling. A person with a moderate sprain usually has more difficulty putting weight on the affected joint and experiences some loss of function. An x ray may be needed to help the health care provider determine if a fracture is causing the pain and swelling. Magnetic resonance imaging is occasionally used to help differentiate between a significant partial injury and a complete tear in a ligament, or can be recommended to rule out other injuries.

People who sustain a grade III or severe sprain completely tear or rupture a ligament. Pain, swelling, and bruising are usually severe, and the patient is unable to put weight on the joint. An x ray is usually taken to rule out a broken bone. When diagnosing any sprain, the provider will ask the patient to explain how the injury happened. He or she will examine the affected area and check its stability and its ability to move and bear weight.

Source: Adapted from National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)

 

Part 1: Treatment for sprains and strains

Part 2: Difference between sprains and strains

Part 3: Signs and symptoms of a sprain

Part 4: How to prevent sprains and strains